Rank sp4

On this page you can learn more about a Specialist's payscale, the process of becoming a Specialist, and the history of the rank in the United States Army. Army Specialist Pay Calculator Starting pay for a Specialist is $2,633.70 per month, with raises for experience resulting in a maximum base pay of $3,197.40 per month.

Jul 25, 2023 · SP4 stands for Specialist 4th Class, which was a rank in the US Army during the Vietnam War. It was one of eight specialist ranks that were established in 1955 to provide career paths for soldiers with specialized skills but who did not want to become commissioned officers. The SP4 rank was equivalent to a corporal, and it was typically earned ... The most common rank held by members of the U.S. Army is that of a specialist E-4. In this article, we explore what the E-4 rank is in the U.S. Army and its …Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage United States ARMY SP4 Specialist Four RANK SP4 Subdued Single Patch ] at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!This is a list of US Army ranks and insignia used during the Vietnam War (1965-1973). Enlisted and Non-Commissioned Offficer rank insignia are made of cloth and are worn on the middle of the upper sleeve on the shirt or jacket. Warrant and Commissioned Officers’ insignia are made of metal and are worn on the epaulets or collars on fatigue ...It suggested a careful search for remains should be made if tactically possible. After further searching, the positive identification of all remains was achieved. The seven lost Bobcats included SP4 David L. Berry, PFC James X. Gilch, SP4 Richard D. Gill Jr., PFC Samuel G. Harris, SP4 Leo E. Hinterlong, SSGT Wilberto C. Sanchez, and SP4 Larry ...Promotions from E-1 to E-2 to E-3 were automatic but I had to go before a promotion board in 1964 for promotion to "Spec 4". Ranks, abbreviations, insignia, titles, and chevrons …

SP4 may refer to: . SP4, an album by Sneaker Pimps; Sp4 transcription factor, a human gene; Savoia-Pomilio SP.4, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War; The Saint Patrick's Day Four; Service pack 4 in computing; Specialist Four (incorrectly called Specialist 4th class), a former enlisted rank of the U.S. Army, now …Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the arti...Job training for a combat medic specialist requires 10 weeks of Basic Combat Training and 16 weeks of Advanced Individual Training, including practice in-patient care.Some of the skills you'll learn are: Patientcare techniques. Emergency medical techniques. Advanced medical care. Plastercasting techniques.Enlisted Ranks. Enlisted Ranks (grade E-1 to E-9) in the Army are the lower of the 3 Total Army Ranks. Enlisted Soldiers make up the majority of the US Army and are ranked from Private (E-1) to Sergeant Major of the Army (E-9). The roles of each enlisted rank past Private First Class (E-3) entitle you more and more responsibility.Mar 17, 2023 · Specialist 4 (SP4) is the fourth-lowest rank in the United States Army, just above Private First Class and below Corporal. A Specialist is a soldier who has a specific skill, such as driving a truck, operating a computer, or being a mechanic. Specialist 5 (SP5) is the fifth-lowest rank in the United States Army, just above Specialist 4 and ... Final Mission of SP4 Lawrence M. Dawson. Operation Emporia (July 21-September 14, 1967) was a 9th Infantry Division operation to secure the major transportation avenues in Long Khanh Province, RVN. The mission was to deny the Viet Cong (VC) concealment along routes QL-2 and QL-20, and National Highway QL-1, which the …Product details. Is Discontinued By Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ No. Department ‏ : ‎ mens. Date First Available ‏ : ‎ May 5, 2018. ASIN ‏ : ‎ B07CW2BGJG. Best Sellers Rank: #39,993 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry ( See Top 100 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry) #7 in Men's Military Accessories. Customer Reviews: 4.7 730 ratings.

SP4, an album by Sneaker Pimps; Sp4 transcription factor, a human gene; Savoia-Pomilio SP.4, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War; The Saint Patrick's Day Four; Service pack 4 in computing; Specialist Four (incorrectly called Specialist 4th class), a former enlisted rank of the U.S. Army, now simply ...Unaccounted For. Specialist 4 Arthur Wright entered the U.S. Army from Michigan and served in Battery A, 1st Battalion, 44th Artillery Group. On February 21, 1967, he was manning a listening post at the gate of a U.S. Marine Corps combat base in Quang Tri Province, South Vietnam, with two other soldiers. During his shift, SP4 Wright told his ...The chart below represents the current enlisted rank insignia of the United States Army . 1 SP4 is no longer an acceptable abbreviation for Specialist. All enlisted ranks of corporal and higher are considered non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Privates (E1 and E2) and privates first class (E3) are addressed as 'Private (last name)', …Learn about the U.S. Army ranks, their symbols and insignia, and how they indicate a Soldier's expertise, responsibility and authority.

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Title: Untitled-1 Created Date: 3/1/2005 10:25:37 AMMay 12, 2023 ... Some of the military services -- the Army, Air Force and Marine Corps -- have their own enlisted military rank structures; the Coast Guard and ...May 2, 2024 · What is an SP4 in the US Army? An SP4, or Specialist 4, was a rank in the United States Army that no longer exists. The rank of Specialist 4 was used from 1955 until 1985 when it was replaced by the ranks of Specialist/Corporal (E-4). The rank of Technical Sergeant comes with many battles and has mastered his field of expertise. Generally, Technical Sergeant run staff work for the Company Headquarters or operates as the Platoon Sergeant. Prerequisites. Promotion Board Approval 120 Days TIG (Time-In-Grade) Demonstrated success at Company Level Sets the example in all areas.

Educational rankings are big business in the US. Attracting talent and maintaining prestige depends largely on where an American university falls in official tallies. Rankings are ...Left to right, as examples: 4-star Gen. U.S. Grant, 5-star Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, 4-star Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, and 3AD Cold War soldiers: Staff Sgt. Charles Cooper, Capt. Walter Shannon, and Spec. 4 Vincent Biondi. CURRENT CHART OF U.S. ARMY RANKS. and applicable for the 3AD period of 1955 - 1992. NOTE: The ranks of SP5 through SP7 ...Warrant Officer Ranks. The adaptive technical expert, combat leader, trainer, and advisor. Through progressive levels of expertise in assignments, training, and education, the warrant officer ...As clearly shown in the output, the second and third rows share the same rank because they have the same value. The fourth row gets the rank 4 because the RANK() function skips the rank 3.. Note that if you want to have consecutive ranks, you can use the DENSE_RANK() function.. SQL RANK() function examples. We will use the employees …The specialist is the lowest U.S. Army rank that involves leadership responsibilities. This rank is unofficially called a team leader and usually manages a small group of lower-ranked privates. The official role of a specialist is to make sure that the privates they are assigned to manage have expertise in their duties and responsibilities.All members of the United States Army are paid a monthly basic pay rate determined by their paygrade/ Army rank. Please note that the 2024 Military Basic Pay Charts on this page do not include the various Army allowances and bonuses that suppliment most servicemembers' incomes. For a more detailed military pay estimate, use our Army pay ...Nov 23, 2022 · The specialist is the lowest U.S. Army rank that involves leadership responsibilities. This rank is unofficially called a team leader and usually manages a small group of lower-ranked privates. The official role of a specialist is to make sure that the privates they are assigned to manage have expertise in their duties and responsibilities. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the article. Click here to return to the arti...1. The U. S. Military Response to the 1960 - 1962 Berlin Crisis. Dr. Donald A. Carter The U. S. Army Center of Military History. he election of a new U.S.Tpresident, John F. Kennedy, in November 1960 renewed the East- West tensions surrounding the city of Berlin that had simmered since the Allied occupation of Germany in 1945.Learn about the symbols and meanings of the U.S. military rank insignia, from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Explore the history and evolution of these badges of honor ...

Feb 26, 2024 · Could a SP4 be promoted to a higher rank? Yes, SP4s could be promoted to the rank of Sergeant (E-5) with the appropriate qualifications and vacancies. What was the role of SP4 in the Vietnam War? SP4s played various roles in the Vietnam War, including serving in infantry, engineering, medical, and support units.

Become a Patron to support us & get exclusive perks: https://www.patreon.com/battleorderOr Sign-Up as a Youtube Member: https://youtube.com/@BattleOrder/memb...Also, these rankings suit the western way of running institutions. The Times Higher Education’s (THE) World Reputation Rankings for universities are out. And Indian educational ins...The last time I saw you was in Palm Springs. There were four of us off-roading through the desert under the stars, shortly before you left for Vietnam. It was a beautiful and magic moment, now frozen in time in my heart and soul. Had I known this would be the last time I would see you, I would have told you what an amazing man you …The Korean War database includes the names, birth, service numbers, dates of service, casualty and unit information for the Korean War veterans that we have researched at the National Archives. Search or browse our archive below for the military records of your individual Korean War veteran. We are continually adding information and photographs ...A Specialist is a Enlisted Soldier in the United States Army at DoD paygrade E-4. The rank of Specialist in the United States Army has a long history. Up until World War II, the ranks of private could be given a specialist designator to show highly specialized knowledge of a certain military trade or craft. During World War II, the designator ...SP4 is the fourth rank in the United States Army’s Specialist rank category. The rank is divided into three pay grades: SP4, SP5, and SP6. What does SP4 Vietnam mean? Specialist 4 (SP4) is the fourth-lowest rank in the United States Army, just above private first class and below corporal.Microsoft SQL Server 2012 SP4 Update: Review the Microsoft SQL Server 2012 SP4 Release Notes; Download the following file from the "DOWNLOAD" section on this page to your device: SQLServer2012SP4-KB4018073 …Learn about the symbols and meanings of the U.S. military rank insignia, from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Explore the history and evolution of these badges of honor ...

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We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Spring 2000, Vol. 32, No. 1 | Genealogy Notes By Theodore J. Hull Enlarge A Korean girl places flowers on the grave of an American soldier, UN cemetery at Pusan, April 9, 1951. View in National Archives Catalog U.S. involvement in the conflict on the Korean peninsula began fifty years ago, after the Communist invasion of June 1950. Almost twenty-five years later, the North Vietnamese stormed ...Sp(2n, F. The symplectic group is a classical group defined as the set of linear transformations of a 2n-dimensional vector space over the field F which preserve a non-degenerate skew-symmetric bilinear form.Such a vector space is called a symplectic vector space, and the symplectic group of an abstract symplectic vector space V is denoted …1. The U. S. Military Response to the 1960 - 1962 Berlin Crisis. Dr. Donald A. Carter The U. S. Army Center of Military History. he election of a new U.S.Tpresident, John F. Kennedy, in November 1960 renewed the East- West tensions surrounding the city of Berlin that had simmered since the Allied occupation of Germany in 1945.modal pay grade of E-4—the rank of specialist fourth class. (SP4)—has no more official military prerogatives than were associated with the older private ...SP4, an album by Sneaker Pimps; Sp4 transcription factor, a human gene; Savoia-Pomilio SP.4, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War; The Saint Patrick's Day Four; Service pack 4 in computing; Specialist Four (incorrectly called Specialist 4th class), a former enlisted rank of the U.S. Army, now simply ...Aug 3, 2018 · Of all the Ranks I held & wore… Specialist 5 was my favorite. It was unique… recognized as both a NCO and a Technician… during my time in uniform. Although subordinate to Sergeant and Staff Sergeant they were treated and managed no lesser. They were pretty sharp looking Rank Insignia’s as well. E4. Specialist (SPC) Grade: E4. Corporal (CPL) Grade: E4. When a SPC is placed in a leadership position, they are usually laterally promoted to Corporal. E5-E7. Sergeant …This file is a ShadowProtect Spanned Backup. ShadowProtect is a backup and system-restore program. SP4 extension file is associated with RollerCoaster Tycoon, which is a simulation strategy computer game that simulates theme park management. SP4 file extension is associated with the 20-20, a family of CAD designing programs.What does SP4 Vietnam mean? Specialist 4 (SP4) and Specialist 5 (SP5) are both enlisted ranks in the United States Army. Specialist 4 is the fourth-highest rank, while Specialist 5 is the fifth-highest. Both ranks are above Specialist 3 (SP3) and below Sergeant (SGT). The pay grade for Specialist 4 is E-4, and the pay grade for Specialist 5 …Army Promotion Timeline for NCO Ranks Image: flickr.com. There are three levels of Noncommissioned officers in the Army. Corporal (E-4) The lowest noncommissioned officer rank is a Corporal. Also, you might notice that the E-4 designation for the Corporal is the same as the Specialist in the Junior Enlisted ranks. ….

The rank of Technical Sergeant comes with many battles and has mastered his field of expertise. Generally, Technical Sergeant run staff work for the Company Headquarters or operates as the Platoon Sergeant. Prerequisites. Promotion Board Approval 120 Days TIG (Time-In-Grade) Demonstrated success at Company Level Sets the example in all areas.Natronococcus occultus SP4 Taxonomy ID: 694430 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid694430) current name. Natronococcus occultus SP4. equivalent: Natronococcus occultus strain SP4. NCBI BLAST name: euryarchaeotes Rank: strain Genetic code: Translation table 11 (Bacterial, Archaeal and Plant Plastid) Other names: heterotypic …Posted 5 y ago. It was a measure to thin the ranks of combat service support soldiers and reclassify the specialist Military Occupation Skills to combat support and Combat Arms. The specialist E-4 rank was maintained because at the time only Corporals were former NCOs that were busted to E-4. This was done during the early post Vietnam …Army Specialist (E-4) Specialist (SPC) is considered one of the junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. Ranked above private first class (E-3) and holding the same pay grade as the corporal, the ...Jul 7, 2023 ... Ranked by Gamers! DustinEden•145K views · 17 ... Ranking Every Gran Turismo Game! Bladed ... The Dark Side of Modern Forza. Sepi (SP4)•1.6M views.Force finally gave up on the machinegun and grabbed his M-16 to engage the numerous VC to the south. Over the din of battle, Force heard SP4 Williamson, the right machine gunner, cry “Hand me ammo!”. Force handed him a box of 7.62mm machinegun ammunition but Williamson said “no, M-16”. His machinegun was inoperable also.Specialist rank insignia (U.S. Army) Specialist (abbreviated "SPC") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. ... SP4 On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established. The first was Specialist Three (E-4). It is the only one that still exists. It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958.SP4, an album by Sneaker Pimps; Sp4 transcription factor, a human gene; Savoia-Pomilio SP.4, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War; The Saint Patrick's Day Four; Service pack 4 in computing; Specialist Four (incorrectly called Specialist 4th class), a former enlisted rank of the U.S. Army, now simply ...RANK Sp4 During the summer of 1968, the 19th Engineer Battalion was tasked with upgrading National Highway QL-1 between Bong Son and Mo Duc, RVN. The work included road-widening, bridge building, and placing a sand-asphalt seal coat on a forty-kilometer stretch of QL-1.Two ranks occupy the same pay grade in the U.S. Army, the specialist and the corporal. The difference between the two isn’t always as clear to other members of the military from other branches. In short, the difference between the two E-4 grades is that one is considered a non-commissioned officer while the other is not. Rank sp4, The higher specialist ranks were given to soldiers who had a great deal of administrative responsibility, but did not necessarily lead any troops. For example, someone who was a quartermaster (supply sergeant) who worked at the Pentagon and worked on massive acquisition projects might hold one of the higher specialist grades., Awards and Ranks: Enlisted Ranks. The official website of the U.S. Air Force. AF.MIL delivers the latest breaking news and information on the U.S. Air Force including top stories, features, leadership, policies, and more. For in-depth coverage, AF.MIL provides special reports, video, audio, and photo galleries., Jul 26, 2023 · SP4 in the US Army is a specialist who holds a higher rank than private first class but lower than sergeant. The responsibilities of an SP4 include performing duties related to their MOS, repairing equipment, and operating machinery. To become an SP4, one must serve for at least two years as PFC (P), complete AIT for MOS training, and get ... , Enlisted Ranks. Enlisted Ranks (grade E-1 to E-9) in the Army are the lower of the 3 Total Army Ranks. Enlisted Soldiers make up the majority of the US Army and are ranked from Private (E-1) to Sergeant Major of the Army (E-9). The roles of each enlisted rank past Private First Class (E-3) entitle you more and more responsibility., My vmpf just says SP4 kinda odd since it’s not the real abbreviation. 1. Reply. AirbreatherAsset ISR • 2 yr. ago. SP4 is an abbreviation in the military admin world because the systems do 3-digit ranks. Along with SP1-SP4, there are TSgt is TSG, MSgt is MSG, etc. 4. Reply. pendilump • 2 yr. ago., name rank name rank harris, robert l jr cpt boucher, ronald a sp4 money, patrick e iii 1lt bradley, james t sp4 patton, thomas r 1lt cassidy, ronald e sp4 trafton, frank l 1lt catenac, jack a sp4 fuller, wilbur c 1lt chapman, ronald k sp4 brennan, alfred j 1sg choice, joe jr sp4 asato, richard s sfc davis, william j sp4, The United States Army has twenty nine grades of enlisted soldiers and officers, with most soldiers enlisting at the entry-level rank of Private (PVT, paygrade E-1). The highest rank achievable in the Army is General of the Army. Click any rank for detailed rank information including duties and responsibilities, promotion information, salary ..., Aug 8, 2014 ... There are 13 enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army: Private, Private Second Class, Private First Class, Specialist, Corporal, Sergeant, ..., Jun 4, 2014 · This is a list of US Army ranks and insignia used during the Vietnam War (1965-1973). Enlisted and Non-Commissioned Offficer rank insignia are made of cloth and are worn on the middle of the upper sleeve on the shirt or jacket. Warrant and Commissioned Officers’ insignia are made of metal and are worn on the epaulets or collars on fatigue ... , A Specialist is a Enlisted Soldier in the United States Army at DoD paygrade E-4. This page describes how the Army determines who is eligible for the promotion list to Specialist. Soldiers holding the rank of Private First Class are promoted to specialist after a minimum of two years of service in the Army. The rate at which a private becomes a ..., It suggested a careful search for remains should be made if tactically possible. After further searching, the positive identification of all remains was achieved. The seven lost Bobcats included SP4 David L. Berry, PFC James X. Gilch, SP4 Richard D. Gill Jr., PFC Samuel G. Harris, SP4 Leo E. Hinterlong, SSGT Wilberto C. Sanchez, and SP4 Larry ..., US Army Ranks and Insignia. This is a list of US Army ranks and insignia used during the Vietnam War (1965-1973). Enlisted and Non-Commissioned Offficer rank insignia are made of cloth and are worn on the middle of the upper sleeve on the shirt or jacket. Warrant and Commissioned Officers’ insignia are made of metal and are worn on …, What is a Specialist's Paygrade? A Specialist is considered an Enlisted Soldier, with a paygrade of E-4 . The civilian equivalent of this military rank is roughly GS-4 under the …, 12,765. Location: Syracuse, NY. #18. Posted May 23, 2015. The specialist ranks date back to around the 30's, those weird PVT stripes with about 5 rockers and one upper chevron.I was a SPC (E-4), not an NCO.But a CPL (E-4) is considered a Jr NCO., SP4 stands for Specialist 4, which is a rank in the United States Army that falls between Private First Class and Corporal. What are the requirements to become a SP4 in the military? To be promoted to SP4, a soldier must have a minimum of 26 months of time in service and 12 months of time in grade as a Private First Class., Warrant Officer Ranks. The adaptive technical expert, combat leader, trainer, and advisor. Through progressive levels of expertise in assignments, training, and education, the warrant officer ..., It suggested a careful search for remains should be made if tactically possible. After further searching, the positive identification of all remains was achieved. The seven lost Bobcats included SP4 David L. Berry, PFC James X. Gilch, SP4 Richard D. Gill Jr., PFC Samuel G. Harris, SP4 Leo E. Hinterlong, SSGT Wilberto C. Sanchez, and SP4 Larry ..., Product details. Is Discontinued By Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ No. Department ‏ : ‎ mens. Date First Available ‏ : ‎ May 5, 2018. ASIN ‏ : ‎ B07CW2BGJG. Best Sellers Rank: #39,993 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry ( See Top 100 in Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry) #7 in Men's Military Accessories. Customer Reviews: 4.7 730 ratings., Vietnam Era United States ARMY SPEC 4 RANK SP4 Dress Blue Patch Pair Cut Edge. Last item available. dandcoll. (85639) 98.9% positive. Seller's other items. Contact seller. US $3.00. Condition:, The rank of specialist 4 (SP4) is the fourth enlisted rank in the U.S. Army, just below corporal and sergeant. It has a rank insignia of two chevrons and three bars. The insignia for specialist 4 (SP4) is normally worn on the sleeves of the U.S. Army uniforms with the branch of service color on the bottom rocker., Dear Sp4 James Loux, Thank you for your service as a Watercraft Operator. Saying thank you isn't enough, but it is from the heart. The 45th anniversary of the Fall of Saigon just passed, and it is still sad. Time passes quickly. Please watch over America, it stills needs your strength, courage and faithfulness. Rest in peace with the angels., Today, the rank of specialist is the typical rank to which Privates First Class are promoted. It is granted far more often than corporal (E-4), which is now reserved as a fast-track …, Sp4 Lapointe’s patrol was advancing from the landing zone through an adjoining valley when it suddenly encountered heavy automatic weapons fire from a large enemy force entrenched in well fortified bunker positions. In the initial hail of fire, 2 soldiers in the formation vanguard were seriously wounded. Hearing a call for aid from 1 of the ..., Force finally gave up on the machinegun and grabbed his M-16 to engage the numerous VC to the south. Over the din of battle, Force heard SP4 Williamson, the right machine gunner, cry “Hand me ammo!”. Force handed him a box of 7.62mm machinegun ammunition but Williamson said “no, M-16”. His machinegun was inoperable also., Promotions from E-1 to E-2 to E-3 were automatic but I had to go before a promotion board in 1964 for promotion to "Spec 4". Ranks, abbreviations, insignia, titles, and chevrons change periodically. In fact they have changed at least thirteen times since 1920. All the Specialists except E-4 were elimated between 1965 and 1985. , US Army Ranks and Insignia. This is a list of US Army ranks and insignia used during the Vietnam War (1965-1973). Enlisted and Non-Commissioned Offficer rank insignia are made of cloth and are worn on the middle of the upper sleeve on the shirt or jacket. Warrant and Commissioned Officers’ insignia are made of metal and are worn on …, RANK Sp4 During the summer of 1968, the 19th Engineer Battalion was tasked with upgrading National Highway QL-1 between Bong Son and Mo Duc, RVN. The work included road-widening, bridge building, and placing a sand-asphalt seal coat on a forty-kilometer stretch of QL-1. North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong forces were active in the area, …, Posted on May 16, 2022. Why does the US Army persist with the rank of SP4? MAJ Norm Michaels. 68.2K. 1.34K. 318. 281. 0. This social experiment on soldiers was started in …, This table of the United States Army ranks from lowest to highest shows the Army's rank structure from lowest to highest including rank insignia, abbreviation, and rank …, U.S. Veteran C. Young. After 30 years and learning the computer and finding VetFriends, I went to my first reunion of the USS Navasota AO-106. I had a great time and intend to go again next year. I really hope some other people can find this service and get in touch with people like I did. Thanks VetFriends. , Awards and Ranks: Enlisted Ranks. The official website of the U.S. Air Force. AF.MIL delivers the latest breaking news and information on the U.S. Air Force including top stories, features, leadership, policies, and more. For in-depth coverage, AF.MIL provides special reports, video, audio, and photo galleries., Learn about the symbols and meanings of the U.S. military rank insignia, from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Explore the history and evolution of these badges of honor ..., U.S. Veteran C. Young. After 30 years and learning the computer and finding VetFriends, I went to my first reunion of the USS Navasota AO-106. I had a great time and intend to go again next year. I really hope some other people can find this service and get in touch with people like I did. Thanks VetFriends.