Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations.

Cardiac Muscle. Skeletal Muscle. • It is short in length. • It has a ‘semi-spindle’ shape. • Muscle cells are connected side-by-side and are not tightly bound. • Contractions of muscle cells are interdependent. • Gap junctions are present in cardiac muscle cells. • Muscle cell has only 1-2 nuclei. • Has a dense endomysium.

contains neurons and neuroglia. Nervous muscle tissue. conducts impulses along cellular processes. skeletal muscle tissue. coordinates, regulates and integrates body functions. skeletal muscle tissue. striated and voluntary. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like skeletal tissue, heart, smooth muscle tissue and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like striations, muscle fibers, myo/mys/sarco and more. ... stripes on a skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue. muscle fibers-skeletal and smooth muscle cells -elongated. myo/mys/sarco. refers to muscles Ex: sarcolemma = "muscle" (sacro) ...Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers. Muscle tissue Time Atten There are 2 different type of muscles: non-striated (smooth) muscle and striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle. As the name implies, non-striated muscle lacks visible striations. Smooth muscle is the only muscle of this type and without striations, other less obvious ...Cardiac muscle also demonstrates striations, the alternating pattern of dark A bands and light I bands attributed to the precise arrangement of the myofilaments and fibrils that are organized in sarcomeres along the length of the cell (Figure 19.2.1a). These contractile elements are virtually identical to skeletal muscle.B. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin-binding site on the actin molecule. 13. The A-band is indicated by ______. A. label A. 14. Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. A. true. 15. Thick filaments are made of a protein called actin.

1.7.1 Structure of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle fibers, or cardiomyocytes, like skeletal muscle fibers, are striated and have a single, central nucleus. However, two or more nuclei may be found occasionally. Transverse ( or T) tubules, the folds of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane), penetrate deep into the interior of the cell, allowing ...What do skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue share in common? Both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues possess intercalated discs. Both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues are striated. Both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues are voluntary. Both skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues perform peristalsis.This isoform is also present in the heart, skeletal muscles, and several organs. The role of nonmuscle myosin IIC in myofibrillogenesis has still to be explored. Our use of antibodies directed against nonmuscle II A or B in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells has never detected these antigens in either Z-bands or intercalated discs [5, 39, 40, 56].Muscles attach to bones directly or through tendons or aponeuroses. Skeletal muscles maintain posture, stabilize bones and joints, control internal movement, and generate heat. Skeletal muscle fibers are long, multinucleated cells. The membrane of the cell is the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the cell is the sarcoplasm.Cardiac muscle fibers look a lot like both smooth and striated muscle fiber because it is uninucleated & has dark as well as light bands called as striations. Cardiac muscle is kept under involuntary control so it tends to contract rhythmically under autonomous nervous control rather than conscious control.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals? a. allow gradual change to take place in the body b. travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals c. usually impact the entire body d. a voltage change must occur ...Skeletal muscle is an excitable, contractile tissue responsible for maintaining posture and moving the orbits, together with the appendicular and axial skeletons. It attaches to bones and the orbits through tendons. Excitable tissue responds to stimuli through electrical signals. Contractile tissue is able to generate tension of force.Vertebrates possess two types of striated muscle: cardiac and skeletal. Despite having distinct embryonic origins and different physiological roles, they present many common features in terms of structure and function, both in physiological and pathological terms.Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death and disability worldwide, equalling or even surpassing the burden of cancer in ...Muscle Cell Model. 8 terms. tansyzac. Preview. Terms in this set (138) ... Stratified columnar epithelium would contain both microvilli and cilia which would impede the functions of the digestive tract. ... What do skeletal and cardiac muscle cells share in common? A) striations B) branched cells C) intercalated discs situated between cells D ...

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This causes the nerve cell to release acetylcholine (Ach) into the muscle cell.-The muscle cell responds to the acetylcholine (Ach) by having AP.-The muscle cell AP travels over the muscle cell membrane and down the t-tubules and causes Ca2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This floods the inside of the muscle cell with Ca2+ ions.Figure 1. Muscle Tissue. (a) Skeletal muscle cells have prominent striation and nuclei on their periphery. (b) Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus and no visible striations. (c) Cardiac muscle cells appear striated and have a single nucleus. From top, LM × 1600, LM × 1600, LM × 1600.Cardiac muscle tissue, or myocardium, is a type of muscle tissue that forms the heart. Cardiac muscle tissue contracts and releases involuntarily. It is responsible for keeping the heart pumping ...What is the difference between involuntary and voluntary contraction. Involuntary contraction is done by a signal from the unconscious portion of the nervous system, where as a voluntary contraction comes directly from the brain. A contractile muscle protein. Miocene. Neural Glue. Neuraglia. What type of cells are the supporting cells for neurons?There are striations in skeletal muscle. These are alternating dark and light bands perpendicular to the edge of the fiber that are present all along the fiber. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Its fibers are longer than they are wide, and they are striated, like skeletal muscle fibers.

These proteins are the same in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Function of Cardiac Muscle. As in skeletal muscle, the signal to contract is an action potential. However with skeletal muscle this signal usually comes from the somatic, or voluntary, nervous system. Cardiac muscle is controlled by the autonomous nervous system. Cells …False. The answer is a, true. Cardiac muscle cells, like skeletal muscle cells, are made up of sarcomeres that contain actin and myosin filaments, which create the dark and light bands called striations. 4. Cardiac muscle tissue is found: a. In the heart and lungs. b. In vessels and hollow organs.May 13, 2022 · Learning Objectives. Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (Figure 10.7.1 10.7. 1 ... Striations of a skeletal muscle is produced by unique arrangement of myofilaments actin and myosin within it. A skeletal muscle cell would be known as a muscle fibre. Inside each cell, parallel bundles of myofibrils are present. Myofibrils show alternate banding pattern on it: dark bands are anisotropic (under polarised light) or A band and light bands are isotropic (under polarised light) or ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or False: The sarcoplasmic reticulum wraps like a sleeve around the myofibril and stores and releases calcium., True or False: Smooth muscles stabilize joints of the skeleton., True or False: Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate? Cardiac cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate. Cardiac cells possess few mitochondria. Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively. Cardiac muscle cells are independent of one another both structurally and functionally ...2 The sarcomere of striated muscles. Depicted in Figure 1 is the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle. Sarcomeres are organized in series to make up a myofibril. The sarcomere is defined as spanning from Z-line to Z-line (described in detail below), only a few micrometers long, and consists of an A band containing myosin ("thick") filaments, which is flanked by ...Abstract. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are the only striated muscles in the body. Although sharing many structural and functional similarities, skeletal and cardiac …Figure 6.3.2 6.3. 2: Muscle type 1) Skeletal muscle cells are long tubular cells with striations (3) and multiple nuclei (4). The nuclei are embedded in the cell membrane (5) to be just inside the cell. This type of tissue occurs in the muscles that are attached to the skeleton. True or False: Skeletal muscle has visible striations when viewed with a microscope. True- skeletal & cardiac muscle have striations while smooth does not. True or False: Skeletal muscle is multinucleated.

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated. These are the muscles that attach to bones and control conscious movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated. It is found in the hollow organs of the body, such as the stomach, intestines, and around blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated. It is found only in the heart ...

Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. They are called involuntary muscles ...Intercalated discs. Intercalated discs are small connections that join cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to each other. Gap junctions. Gap junctions are part of the intercalated discs.Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (Figure 10.21). However, cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal muscle fibers and usually contain only one nucleus, which is located in the central region of the cell.Cardiac and skeletal muscles are both striated muscles composed of repeated units called sarcomeres, crossed with a regular pattern of fine red and white lines giving the muscles their distinctive striated appearance and their name. ... -M02, Abnova), ENO3 (HPA000793), FAM166B (HPA045540), OR10AB1P (HPA044992), PHKG1 (HPA012057). Proteins ...Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Because skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical, they are commonly referred to as muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle fibers can be quite large for human cells, with diameters up to 100 μm and lengths up to 30 cm (11.8 in) in the Sartorius of the upper leg.During early development, embryonic myoblasts, each with …2 The sarcomere of striated muscles. Depicted in Figure 1 is the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle. Sarcomeres are organized in series to make up a myofibril. The sarcomere is defined as spanning from Z-line to Z-line (described in detail below), only a few micrometers long, and consists of an A band containing myosin ("thick") filaments, which is flanked by ...Cardiac muscle fibers also possess many mitochondria and myoglobin, as ATP is produced primarily through aerobic metabolism. ... Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells both contain ordered myofibrils and are striated. Cardiac muscle cells are branched and contain intercalated discs, which skeletal muscles do not have. Previous/next navigation.

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May 13, 2022 · Learning Objectives. Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (Figure 10.7.1 10.7. 1 ... View Module 3 quiz.docx from BIO -210-Q3697 at Southern New Hampshire University. Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. True False Contractions in which muscles shorten and producethe integrated function of cardiac, skeletal, and vascular smooth muscles is essential for O 2 delivery and utilization, especially during exercise, when synchronicity can determine capacity. Cardiac muscle produces the driving force to convectively transport blood-borne O 2 to the periphery, where skeletal muscle uses this O 2 for the …Chapter 4, Tissues, introduced the three major types of muscle cells: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Muscle tissue comprises over six hundred skeletal muscle s, in addition to cardiac and smooth muscle s. The primary focus of this chapter will be on skeletal muscles as smooth and cardiac muscle s will be discussed in later chapters.. Development of Muscle TissueThe statement is True. Both cardiac and skeletal muscles possess striations. Explanation Muscle tissue in the body is of three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.3. Cross striations (sarcomeres) 4. Rhythmic contractions to pump blood. 5. Involuntary movement. Limited regeneration. Instead formation of connective tissue scar. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cardiac muscle tissue, Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle cell structure and more.Cardiac muscle is unique because it is striated, like skeletal muscle, yet involuntary, like smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle controls the body's movement and is generally under conscious, or voluntary, control. The internal organs, on the other hand, with the exception of the heart, are made of smooth muscle, which works without conscious effort.Nascent myofibrils possess two different types of myosin II, i.e., non-muscle myosin II and muscle myosin II. ... The premyofibril is the most sensitive structure in both types of striated muscles. ... and Lmod2 and Lmod3 are both found in cardiac and skeletal muscles (Conley et al. 2001; Nanda and Miano 2012).b. There are very few blood vessels in skeletal muscle. c. Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve. d. There are very few nerve fibers in a muscle. e. All of these are true., What type of muscle tissue causes peristalsis? Select one: a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. cardiac muscle and more.Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria, which produce ATP for energy. This helps the heart resist fatigue. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary, like those of smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is arranged in bundles, so it appears striated, or striped. ….

Frank-Starling law of the heart. ability of heart to increase contraction with increased venous return. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or False? Cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle., Thick or thin regulation of each muscle type?, What joins cardiac muscle fibers? and more.Figure 9.3.2 9.3. 2: Muscle type 1) Skeletal muscle cells are long tubular cells with striations (3) and multiple nuclei (4). The nuclei are embedded in the cell membrane (5) to be just inside the cell. This type of tissue occurs in the muscles that are attached to the skeleton.May 14, 2020 ... clavata were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Although myofibril striations are not remarkable as those of skeletal muscles, muscle ...A sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle tissue in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Sarcomeres appear under the microscope as striations, with alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are connected to a plasma membrane, called a sarcolemma, by T-tubules, which speed up the rate of depolarization within the sarcomere.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like stages of contraction (3), striated, unstriated and more.Of note, both skeletal and cardiac muscle catabolism occur in pancreatic cancer mouse models 48 and patients 11. In the heart, ZIP14 is expressed at relatively high levels 49, and is increased after doxorubicin treatment 50, resulting in increased intracellular zinc levels and induction of sarcoplasmic reticulum stress 51.Membrane. A thin sheet of one or more tissues that lines a body surface or cavity is called a __________. Science. Biology. Histology. Ch 4-2: Muscle, Nerves and Tissue Repair. True/False: Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue possess intercalated discs and branched, uninucleate cells. Click the card to flip 👆.Both smooth and skeletal muscle possesses actin and myosin. In fact, the crossbridge cycle is identical in both smooth and skeletal muscle. The differences in the two muscle types are the neuronal regulation, the calcium binding proteins they possess and the mode of calcium entry into the cytoplasm of the cells.Striations of a skeletal muscle is produced by unique arrangement of myofilaments actin and myosin within it. A skeletal muscle cell would be known as a muscle fibre. Inside each cell, parallel bundles of myofibrils are present. Myofibrils show alternate banding pattern on it: dark bands are anisotropic (under polarised light) or A band and light bands are isotropic (under polarised light) or ... Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations., Muscle tissue is classified into striated (skeletal and cardiac) vs smooth muscle tissue according to the arrangement of the contractile proteins, or lack thereof. Striated muscle organises actin and myosin into sarcomeres where these proteins are regularly spaced, whereas in smooth muscle these elements are organised into a more flexible arrangement that favours a larger range of possible ..., Introduction. Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is surrounded …, Learning Objectives. Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart. Highly coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (Figure 10.7.1 10.7. 1 ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle tissue? -intercalated discs -involuntary -striations -stimulated by hormones, Which type of muscle tissue performs very slow, sometimes rhythmic, contractions? -smooth muscle -cardiac muscle -skeletal muscle, Which type of muscle tissue is composed of branching cells ..., Here's the best way to solve it. Solution:- The correct answer is C. Have sarcomeres with I and A contractile bands Both cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells have striated appearence (while smooth muscle is no …. 27. Cardiac muscle cells are most like skeletal muscle cells in that they both: (A) Have gap junctions- (B) Have end ..., Compared to the giant cylinders of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are considerably shorter with much smaller diameters. Cardiac muscle …, Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (Figure 10.8.1 10.8. 1 )., While both cardiac and skeletal muscle have striations, and both are composed of fibers containing myofibrils, it is the intercalated discs that set cardiac muscle apart. Cardiac muscle is also different from skeletal muscle in other ways. It typically contains a single nucleus per cell, is under involuntary control, unlike the voluntary ..., Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle both possess: A) troponin. B) myosin and actin filaments. C) motor end plates. ... First, look for light and dark bands known as striations to help you differentiate between striated muscle tissue (cardiac and skeletal) and non-striated muscle tissue (smooth). To determine the difference between the two types ..., contains neurons and neuroglia. Nervous muscle tissue. conducts impulses along cellular processes. skeletal muscle tissue. coordinates, regulates and integrates body functions. skeletal muscle tissue. striated and voluntary. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like skeletal tissue, heart, smooth muscle tissue and more., Flexi Says: Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated because its filaments are arranged in sarcomeres inside the muscle fibers. However, in cardiac muscle, the myofibrils are branched at irregular angles rather than arranged in parallel rows (as they are in skeletal muscle). This explains why cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues look ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like physical characteristics of cardiac muscles, How are cardiac muscle fibers joined to each other?, Gap junctions and more. ... Test. Match. physical characteristics of cardiac muscles. Click the card to flip 👆. striated (like skeletal); branched cylinders; cardiocytes are ..., Hematopoiesis 7. Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is _____. Cardiac Muscle 8. Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? Skeletal 9. One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a _____. Motor unit 10. The deltoid muscle is a common site for intramuscular injections. True, Overview. The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striped (striated), and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), except the heart, appear spindle ..., What are the 3ish functions of the muscular system? is responsible for body movements, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat. (T/F) The striations seen in skeletal muscle are actually alternating dark A and light I bands. True. A skeletal muscle twitch differs form a tetanic contraction in that., Introduction ; 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems ; 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles ; 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back ; 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax ; 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs ; 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and …, Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is striated; however, that is where the histological similarities end. As you examine the following photomicrographs of cardiac muscle, keep in mind the following histological differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle cells are considerably smaller than skeletal muscle fibers., Terms in this set (50) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striations are found in:, Intercalated disks are found in, Another name for smooth muscle is and more., There are two major types of cardiac muscle cells: myocardial contractile cells and myocardial conducting cells. The myocardial contractile cells constitute the bulk (99 percent) of the cells in the atria and ventricles. Contractile cells conduct impulses and are responsible for contractions that pump blood through the body., Cardiac muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells with one or two nuclei. The nuclei are centrally situated like that of smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle sarcoplasm has a great amount of mitochondria to meet the energy demands. Similar to the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells have an invaginating network of T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum., View Module 3 quiz.docx from BIO -210-Q3697 at Southern New Hampshire University. Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. True False Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce, Membrane. A thin sheet of one or more tissues that lines a body surface or cavity is called a __________. Science. Biology. Histology. Ch 4-2: Muscle, Nerves and Tissue Repair. True/False: Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue possess intercalated discs and branched, uninucleate cells. Click the card to flip 👆. , The striated appearance of skeletal muscles is created by the arrangement of inside the cells that form muscle tissue. ... Which of the following is a similarity between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle? Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are striated. See an expert-written answer! We have an expert-written solution to this problem!, Hematopoiesis 7. Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is _____. Cardiac Muscle 8. Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? Skeletal 9. One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a _____. Motor unit 10. The deltoid muscle is a common site for intramuscular injections. True, Striated muscle structure and function. Striated muscles are highly organized tissues ( Fig. 1) that convert chemical energy to physical work. The primary function of striated muscles is to generate force and contract in order to support respiration, locomotion, and posture (skeletal muscle) and to pump blood throughout the body (cardiac muscle). , 2 The sarcomere of striated muscles. Depicted in Figure 1 is the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle. Sarcomeres are organized in series to make up a myofibril. The sarcomere is defined as spanning from Z-line to Z-line (described in detail below), only a few micrometers long, and consists of an A band containing myosin ("thick") filaments, which is flanked by ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like smooth muscle and skeletal muscle both possess: a. motor end plates b. transverse tubules (T-tubules) c. myosin and actin filaments d. troponin, you are working with your patient who just had knee surgery. You tell him to sit in chair with his leg out straight and then slowly ..., Urinary bladder possesses smooth muscles whereas triceps possess skeletal muscles. ... How do cardiac muscles resemble both striated and smooth muscle fibers., When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells a, the rate of action potential propergation is faster in cardiac muscle b, both possess intercalated discs c, only skeletal muscle has a plateau phase in its contraction cycle d, both are voluntary e, none of the above. e., Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true. A. It comprises about 20% of the body's weight. ... Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both A. are under involuntary control. ... A. possess striations. A fasciculus A. is a bundle of reticular fibers. B. is surrounded by perimysium., Both smooth and skeletal muscle possesses actin and myosin. In fact, the crossbridge cycle is identical in both smooth and skeletal muscle. The differences in the two muscle types are the neuronal regulation, the calcium binding proteins they possess and the mode of calcium entry into the cytoplasm of the cells., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True/False: Abduction and adduction are antagonistic actions., True/False: Thick filaments are made of a protein called actin., True/False: Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. and more., Human Biology Chapter 13 (Muscular) What do smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle all have in common? They are all uninucleated. They are all striated. They are all found in the walls of blood vessels. The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers. They all interlock at intercalated disks. The cells of these muscles are all called ...